MOTS-c
A mitochondria-derived peptide that acts as an exercise mimetic, improving glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and cellular stress resilience.
Also known as: Mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c, Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c
Regulatory Status
Classification date: 2026-02-27
Reclassification to Category 1 announced but not yet formalized
Compounding: Not currently available for compounding
Evidence Summary
How It Works
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome (12S rRNA) that translocates to the nucleus during metabolic stress. It activates AMPK, the cell's primary energy-sensing kinase, mimicking the metabolic benefits of exercise. It regulates folate-methionine metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, and enhances skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Circulating MOTS-c levels decline with age and are inversely correlated with obesity and insulin resistance.
Common Applications
Safety & Considerations
Preclinical safety profile is favorable. Human clinical data is very limited (early-phase studies). As a mitochondrial-derived peptide, it is naturally present in the body. Theoretical concerns about effects on rapidly dividing cells have not been substantiated. Currently not legal for compounding in the US.
Related Research
Regulatory classifications can change rapidly. The information shown here was last verified on 2026-02-27. Always confirm current legal status with a licensed provider or the FDA before making treatment decisions.