Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review
Background: Body protection compound-157 (BPC-157) is a naturally occurring gastric peptide that promotes mucosal integrity and homeostasis. Preclinical studies show its potential for promoting healing in musculoskeletal injuries such as fractures...
Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ et al. — HSS journal : the musculoskeletal journal of Hospital for Special Surgery
Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ (GHK-Cu) Attenuates CuSO4 or LPS induced-inflammation in Zebrafish larvae model
Inflammation serves as a basic defense mechanism against both internal and external threats, while the unresolved or excessive inflammation can lead to irreversible tissue damage. Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ (GHK-Cu), a bioactive tripeptide co...
Hu J, Zhang C, Wang F — European journal of pharmacology
Injectable Therapeutic Peptides-An Adjunct to Regenerative Medicine and Sports Performance?
High-level athletes and bodybuilders are constantly seeking novel therapies to enhance recovery and expedite return from injury-injectable peptides are a new and trending therapy that may be the wave of the future in the realm of regenerative medi...
DeFoor MT, Dekker TJ — Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association
Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review
BPC 157, known as the "Body Protection Compound", is a pentadecapeptide isolated from human gastric juice that demonstrated its pleiotropic beneficial effects in various preclinical models mimicking medical conditions, such as tissue injury, infla...
Józwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W et al. — Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing
This scoping review aims to evaluate the molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and safety concerns of Body Protective Compound-157 (BPC-157) in the context of musculoskeletal healing. Given the compound’s increasing availability, pop...
McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A et al. — Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine
Copper Complexes with New Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Hyaluronan Conjugates Show Antioxidant Properties and Osteogenic and Angiogenic Synergistic Effects
In recent years, hyaluronic acid (HA) and the natural tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK), especially its copper(II) complex (GHK-Cu), individually have been shown to exert helpful properties for bone protection and regeneration. However, ...
Greco V, Lanza V, Tomasello B et al. — Bioconjugate chemistry
An injectable hydroxyapatite microsphere filler loaded with GHK-Cu tripeptide for anti-Inflammatory and antioxidant
With the wide application of soft tissue fillers, implant material-induced inflammatory reactions have become a key factor affecting the therapeutic efficacy. This study developed an injectable filler with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidan...
Hu D, Zhang X, Gong S et al. — Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces
Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by mucosal damage and impaired epithelial barrier function. While glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-copper (GHK-Cu) exhibits known anti-inflammatory properties, its thera...
Mao S, Huang J, Li J et al. — Frontiers in pharmacology
Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective
Peptides are promising and attractive anti-wrinkle active ingredients, amongst which glycyl-histidyl-lysine peptide (GHK) is one of the most broadly promoted peptide for topical application. This simple sequence of amino acid residues not only has...
Mortazavi SM, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Moghimi HR — BioImpacts : BI
Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes?
Cosmetically active compounds (CACs), both of lipophilic and hydrophilic origin, have difficulty reaching the deeper layers of the skin, and this shortcoming significantly reduces their efficacy. One such CAC that occurs naturally in the human bod...
Ogórek K, Nowak K, Wadych E et al. — Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Identification of glutamine as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease
Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent inflammatory condition significantly impacting quality of life, yet lacks effective pharmacological therapies. Herein, we proposed a novel approach to modulate the inflammation through metabolic remodeling, thu...
Chen X, Zhang C, Peng F et al. — Signal transduction and targeted therapy
Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) plays a critical role in breast cancer progression, yet its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified that Tβ4 is significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, and it...
Jin Z, Li H, Li J et al. — Cellular signalling
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells alleviate allergic asthma via airway epithelial cell-dependent thymosin β4 expression
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been previously reported to induce immune tolerance to allergen by inhibiting allergic TH2-cell priming. However, there is limited knowledge on pDC function during the TH2 effector phase of allergic asthma.
Li Y, Chen Z, Han M et al. — The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
Nociceptor neurons suppress alveolar macrophage-induced Siglec-F+ neutrophil-mediated inflammation to protect against pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis results from persistent and pathological tissue repair, which is therapeutically challenging to attenuate and often fatal. The immune processes involved in fibrosis remain ill defined. Using a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis mur...
Hiroki CH, Hassanabad MF, Defaye M et al. — Immunity
Peptide-driven approaches in advanced wound healing materials
Peptide-based materials, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), angiogenic peptides, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic peptides, offer unique multifunctional benefits for wound healing, including infection co...
Zhang C, Meng L, Sethi G et al. — Drug discovery today
Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study
Moderate to severe interstitial cystitis (also known as bladder pain syndrome) is a disabling disease with no effective treatment. Although pentosan polysulfate is an approved treatment for interstitial cystitis, some patients on this medication e...
Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B — Alternative therapies in health and medicine
The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity
We highlight the particular aspects of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 pleiotropic beneficial activity (not destroyed in human gastric juice, native and stable in human gastric juice, as a cytoprotection mediator holds a response speci...
Sikiric P, Boban Blagaic A, Strbe S et al. — Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu2+ tripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6
Silicosis is the most common type of pneumoconiosis, having a high incidence in workers chronically exposed to crystalline silica (CS). No specific medication exists for this condition. GHK, a tripeptide naturally occurring in human blood and urin...
Bian Y, Deng M, Liu J et al. — Redox biology
The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is a naturally occurring peptide found in human serum with levels averaging 200 ng/ml at age 20 but declining to an average of 80 ng/ml by age 60. The molecule has a very high affinity for copper and forms the chel...
Dou Y, Lee A, Zhu L et al. — Aging pathobiology and therapeutics
A Frog Skin-Derived Peptide Targeting SCD1 Exerts Radioprotective Effects Against Skin Injury by Inhibiting STING-Mediated Inflammation
The extensive application of nuclear technology has increased the potential of uncontrolled radiation exposure to the public. Since skin is the largest organ, radiation-induced skin injury remains a serious medical concern. Organisms evolutionally...
Geng F, Zhong L, Yang T et al. — Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
CGRP sensory neurons promote tissue healing via neutrophils and macrophages
The immune system has a critical role in orchestrating tissue healing. As a result, regenerative strategies that control immune components have proved effective1,2. This is particularly relevant when immune dysregulation that results from conditio...
Lu YZ, Nayer B, Singh SK et al. — Nature
Biomaterials for immunomodulation in wound healing
The substantial economic impact of non-healing wounds, scarring, and burns stemming from skin injuries is evident, resulting in a financial burden on both patients and the healthcare system. This review paper provides an overview of the skin's vit...
Wang Y, Vizely K, Li CY et al. — Regenerative biomaterials
Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu2+ rescues cigarette smoking-induced skeletal muscle dysfunction via a sirtuin 1-dependent pathway
Skeletal muscle dysfunction is an important co-morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is significantly associated with increased mortality. Oxidative stress has been demonstrated an important trigger for COPD-r...
Deng M, Zhang Q, Yan L et al. — Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle
3D-bioprinted peptide coupling patches for wound healing
Chronic wounds caused by severe trauma remain a serious challenge for clinical treatment. In this study, we developed a novel angiogenic 3D-bioprinted peptide patch to improve skin wound healing. The 3D-bioprinted technology can fabricate individu...
Guan G, Qizhuang Lv S, Liu Z et al. — Materials today. Bio
In-situ wound healing by SDF-1-mimic peptide-loaded click crosslinked hyaluronic acid scaffold
Endogenous stem cell-based in-situ tissue regeneration has recently gained considerable attention. In this study, we investigated the potential of a chemokine, SDF-1-mimic peptide (SMP), to promote endogenous stem cell-based in-situ wound healing....
Kim YH, Kim S, Ju HJ et al. — Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society
Systemically administered wound-homing peptide accelerates wound healing by modulating syndecan-4 function
CAR (CARSKNKDC) is a wound-homing peptide that recognises angiogenic neovessels. Here we discover that systemically administered CAR peptide has inherent ability to promote wound healing: wounds close and re-epithelialise faster in CAR-treated mal...
Maldonado H, Savage BD, Barker HR et al. — Nature communications
MAIT cells in immune-mediated tissue injury and repair
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are T cells that express a semi-invariant αβ T-cell receptor (TCR), recognizing non-peptide antigens, such as microbial-derived vitamin B2 metabolites, presented by the nonpolymorphic MHC cla...
Waterhölter A, Wunderlich M, Turner JE — European journal of immunology
Cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves major vessel occlusion disturbances, ischemia-reperfusion injury following Pringle maneuver, and Budd-Chiari syndrome
The stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 counteracts various venous occlusion-induced syndromes. Summarized are all these arguments, in the Robert's cytoprotection concept, to substantiate the resolution of different major vessel occlusion dist...
Sikiric P, Skrtic A, Gojkovic S et al. — World journal of gastroenterology
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Striated, Smooth, and Heart Muscle
First, we review the definitively severed myotendinous junction and recovery by the cytoprotective stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy, its healing that might combine both transected and detached tendon and transected muscle, ligament ...
Staresinic M, Japjec M, Vranes H et al. — Biomedicines
Fabrication of Tβ4-Exosome-releasing artificial stem cells for myocardial infarction therapy by improving coronary collateralization
Currently, stem cell transplantations in cardiac repair are limited owing to disadvantages, such as immunological rejection and poor cell viability. Although direct injection of exosomes can have a curative effect similar to that of stem cell tran...
Chen P, Ning X, Li W et al. — Bioactive materials
The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis
Fibrosis is a pathological process in which parenchymal cells are necrotic and excess extracellular matrix (ECM) is accumulated due to dysregulation of tissue injury repair. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43 amino acid multifunctional polypept...
Wang W, Jia W, Zhang C — International journal of molecular sciences
Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain
Knee pain, a common complaint in primary care, has many causes, the most common of which is osteoarthritis (OA). Other common causes are meniscus tears, tendinosis, ligament tears or sprains, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and septic arthritis. Also,...
Lee E, Padgett B — Alternative therapies in health and medicine
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing
Significance: The antiulcer peptide, stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (previously employed in ulcerative colitis and multiple sclerosis trials, no reported toxicity (LD1 not achieved)), is reviewed, focusing on the particular skin wound the...
Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J et al. — Frontiers in pharmacology
Fistulas Healing. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy
This review is focused on the healing of fistulas and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Assuming that the healing of the various wounds is essential also for the gastrointestinal fistulas healing, the healing effect on fistulas in rats, con...
Sikiric P, Drmic D, Sever M et al. — Current pharmaceutical design
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system
We reviewed the pleiotropic beneficial effects of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, three very recent demonstrations that may be essential in the gut-brain and brain-gut axis operation, and therapy application in the central nervous sys...
Vukojevic J, Milavić M, Perović D et al. — Neural regeneration research
Synthetic peptide hydrogels as 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering
The regeneration of tissues and organs poses an immense challenge due to the extreme complexity in the research work involved. Despite the tissue engineering approach being considered as a promising strategy for more than two decades, a key issue ...
Ding X, Zhao H, Li Y et al. — Advanced drug delivery reviews
Generation of Tβ4 knock-in Cashmere goat using CRISPR/Cas9
The cashmere goat breed is known to provide excellent quality cashmere. Here, we attempted to breed high-yielding cashmere goats by specifically inserting the Tβ4 gene into the goat CCR5 locus and provided an animal model for future research...
Li X, Hao F, Hu X et al. — International journal of biological sciences
Crafting Polymeric and Peptidic Hydrogels for Improved Wound Healing
Wound healing is a multifaceted biological process involving the replacement of damaged tissues and cellular structures, restoring the skin barrier's function, and maintaining internal homeostasis. Over the past two decades, numerous approaches ar...
Stern D, Cui H — Advanced healthcare materials
Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing
There is a current need for a therapy that can alleviate the social and economic burden that presents itself with debilitating and recurring musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries and disorders. Currently, several therapies are emerging and undergoi...
Gwyer D, Wragg NM, Wilson SL — Cell and tissue research
BPC 157 and Standard Angiogenic Growth Factors. Gastrointestinal Tract Healing, Lessons from Tendon, Ligament, Muscle and Bone Healing
Commonly, the angiogenic growth factors signify healing. However, gastrointestinal ulceration is still poorly understood particularly with respect to a general pharmacological/pathophysiological role of various angiogenic growth factors implemente...
Seiwerth S, Rucman R, Turkovic B et al. — Current pharmaceutical design
The role of Thymosin β4 in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocytes growth
Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin sequestering protein and is furthermore involved in diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, wound healing, stem- or progenitor cell differentiation, and modulates inflamma...
Gupta S, Li L — Expert opinion on biological therapy
Celecoxib-induced gastrointestinal, liver and brain lesions in rats, counteraction by BPC 157 or L-arginine, aggravation by L-NAME
To counteract/reveal celecoxib-induced toxicity and NO system involvement.
Drmic D, Kolenc D, Ilic S et al. — World journal of gastroenterology
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data
The human peptide GHK (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine) has multiple biological actions, all of which, according to our current knowledge, appear to be health positive. It stimulates blood vessel and nerve outgrowth, increases collagen, elastin, and gl...
Pickart L, Margolina A — International journal of molecular sciences
Connexin 43-Based Therapeutics for Dermal Wound Healing
The most ubiquitous gap junction protein within the body, connexin 43 (Cx43), is a target of interest for modulating the dermal wound healing response. Observational studies found associations between Cx43 at the wound edge and poor healing respon...
Montgomery J, Ghatnekar GS, Grek CL et al. — International journal of molecular sciences
Cardioprotection by Thymosin Beta 4
Treatment with thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) reduces infarct volume and preserves cardiac function in preclinical models of cardiac ischemic injury. These effects stem in part from decreased infarct size, but additional benefits are likely due to sp...
Pipes GT, Yang J — Vitamins and hormones
Function of Thymosin Beta-4 in Ethanol-Induced Microglial Activation
Neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia may play a pivotal role in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) pathologic conditions, including ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of T&#...
Zhang J, Wu J, Zeng W et al. — Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology
Increases in plasma Tβ4 after intracardiac cell therapy in chronic ischemic heart failure is associated with symptomatic improvement
Tβ4 is an integral factor in repair of myocardium in animal models. To investigate whether Tβ4 is important in human cardiac disease and has a role in mediating the beneficial cardiac effects of bone-marrow-derived stem cell (BMSC) the...
Choudry FA, Yeo C, Mozid A et al. — Regenerative medicine
Potential role of thymosin Beta 4 in liver fibrosis
Liver fibrosis, the main characteristic of chronic liver diseases, is strongly associated with the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are responsible for extracellular matrix production. As such, investigating the effective regulat...
Kim J, Jung Y — International journal of molecular sciences
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation
We reviewed stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system-relation, its close participation in Moncada's (maintained vascular integrity, platelets control) homeostatic healing response of NO-system to injury. Namely, BPC 157's particular heali...
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R et al. — Current pharmaceutical design
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 reduces bleeding time and thrombocytopenia after amputation in rats treated with heparin, warfarin or aspirin
Recently, in rat abdominal aorta terminoterminal-anastomosis the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 prevents obstructive thrombus formation and rapidly destroys already formed obstructive thrombus. Also, BPC 157 wound healing may signify the ...
Stupnisek M, Franjic S, Drmic D et al. — Thrombosis research
The beta-thymosin enigma
Actin dynamics in nonmuscle cells is controlled by the availability of actin nucleating sites and actin monomers. Thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta-4) has been implicated in modulating the availability of actin monomers in a large variety of cells. It togeth...
Sun HQ, Yin HL — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Long-lasting cytoprotection after pentadecapeptide BPC 157, ranitidine, sucralfate or cholestyramine application in reflux oesophagitis in rats
Recently, the effectiveness of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and other anti-ulcer agents, called 'direct cytoprotection', was evidenced in totally gastrectomized rats duodenum challenged with cysteamine 24 h after surgery, and sacrificed 24 h after ulc...
Sikiric P, Jadrijevic S, Seiwerth S et al. — Journal of physiology, Paris